Oregon Certified Nursing Assistant State Practice Exam

Which developmental condition is characterized by intellectual disability and physical anomalies?

1. Cerebral palsy

2. Spina bifida

3. Down syndrome

4. Autism

The correct answer is: Down syndrome

Down syndrome is characterized by a combination of intellectual disability and certain physical anomalies. Individuals with Down syndrome typically have distinct facial features, such as a flat face, slanted eyes, and a smaller head circumference, along with variations in muscle tone and other potential health issues. The condition is caused by the presence of an extra chromosome 21, which affects both cognitive development and physical characteristics. This combination of intellectual challenges and recognizable physical traits sets Down syndrome apart from other developmental conditions. In contrast, cerebral palsy primarily affects motor skills and movement due to brain damage, but it does not necessarily entail intellectual disability or specific physical anomalies. Spina bifida involves the spinal cord and can cause physical disabilities but may not always be associated with cognitive impairments. Autism is primarily characterized by challenges in social interaction and communication, and while individuals with autism may have intellectual disabilities, they do not have the specific physical anomalies that are typical of Down syndrome.